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Normal serum estradiol reference ranges (~10-350 pg/mL = ~10-350 ppt).
Gore AC et al., EDC-2, Endocrine Reviews 36(6):E1-E150, 2015.
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Hauser R, Calafat AM. Phthalates and human health. Occupational and Environmental Medicine 62(11):806-818 (2005).
Koniecki D, Wang R, Moody RP, Zhu J. "Phthalates in cosmetic and personal care products: concentrations and possible dermal exposure." Environmental Research 111(3):329–336 (2011).
Houlihan J, Brody C, Schwan B. Not Too Pretty: Phthalates, Beauty Products & the FDA. EWG / Coming Clean / Health Care Without Harm (2002).
CDC, 'Phthalates Factsheet,' National Biomonitoring Program (DEP added to fragranced personal-care products to retain scent).
FDA: Phthalates in Cosmetics (DEP/DBP used in hair-care and fragrance products).
Hubinger JC & Havery DC, 'Analysis of consumer cosmetic products for phthalate esters,' J Cosmet Sci 57(2):127-137, 2006.
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Duty SM, Ackerman RM, Calafat AM, Hauser R. Personal care product use predicts urinary concentrations of some phthalate monoesters. Environ Health Perspect. 2005;113(11):1530-1535.
Environmental Working Group. Exposures Add Up — Survey Results (2004).
EcoWatch: Women Apply an Average of 168 Chemicals on Their Bodies Every Day
Houlihan J, Brody C, Schwan B. Not Too Pretty: Phthalates, Beauty Products & the FDA. EWG / Coming Clean (2002).
Environmental Working Group. Survey finds use of personal care products up since 2004 — what that means for your health (2023 survey: women 13 products / 114 ingredients).
Environmental Working Group. Exposures add up — Survey results (2004 figure: 12 products / 168 ingredients).
Api AM. Toxicological profile of diethyl phthalate: a vehicle for fragrance and cosmetic ingredients. Food Chem Toxicol. 2001;39(2):97-108.
Koniecki D, Wang R, Moody RP, Zhu J. Phthalates in cosmetic and personal care products. Environ Res. 2011;111(3):329-336.
Engel SM et al., 'Prenatal Phthalate Exposure Is Associated with Childhood Behavior and Executive Functioning,' Environ Health Perspect 118(4):565-571, 2010.
Braun JM et al., 'Personal care product use and urinary phthalate metabolite and paraben concentrations during pregnancy,' J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol 24(5):459-466, 2014.
Routledge EJ, Parker J, Odum J, Ashby J, Sumpter JP. Some Alkyl Hydroxy Benzoate Preservatives (Parabens) Are Estrogenic. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 153(1):12-19 (1998).
Darbre PD, Harvey PW. Paraben esters: review of recent studies of endocrine toxicity, absorption, esterase and human exposure, and discussion of potential human health risks. Journal of Applied Toxicology 28(5):561-578 (2008).
Schlumpf M, Cotton B, Conscience M, et al. In Vitro and in Vivo Estrogenicity of UV Screens. Environmental Health Perspectives 109(3):239-244 (2001).
Krause M, Klit A, Blomberg Jensen M, et al. Sunscreens: are they beneficial for health? An overview of endocrine disrupting properties of UV-filters. International Journal of Andrology 35(3):424-436 (2012).
Hubinger JC (2010). A survey of phthalate esters in consumer cosmetic products. Journal of Cosmetic Science, 61(6), 457-465.
Schlumpf et al., Environ Health Perspect 109:239-244, 2001 (UV filters estrogenic); CDC NHANES benzophenone-3 biomonitoring.
Bakir A, Rowland SJ, Thompson RC. Enhanced desorption of persistent organic pollutants from microplastics under simulated physiological conditions. Environ Pollut. 2014;185:16-23.
Tanaka K et al. Accumulation of plastic-derived chemicals in tissues of seabirds ingesting marine plastics. Mar Pollut Bull. 2013;69(1-2):219-222.
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Sunderland EM, et al. J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol 29(2):131-147 (2019).
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Quantitative analysis of nonylphenol ethoxylates in textiles, J Chromatogr A, 2025 (method paper, NPEOs confirmed in commercial textiles).
Greenpeace International (2012). Toxic Threads technical report — azo dyes/aromatic amines detected in garments.
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Swan, Shanna H. et al., 'Decrease in anogenital distance among male infants with prenatal phthalate exposure,' Environmental Health Perspectives 113(8):1056-61, 2005.
CDC, 'Fourth National Report on Human Exposure to Environmental Chemicals, Updated Tables, March 2021.'
FDA: Fragrances in Cosmetics (trade-secret exemption; formulas not required to be disclosed).
EWG (2010). 'Not So Sexy: The Health Risks of Secret Chemicals in Fragrance' (38 secret chemicals across 17 products; phthalates present).
Hauser R, Calafat AM. (2005). Phthalates and human health. Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 62(11), 806-818.
Swan SH, Main KM, Liu F, et al. (2005). Decrease in anogenital distance among male infants with prenatal phthalate exposure. Environmental Health Perspectives, 113(8), 1056-1061.
Nonylphenol estrogenicity & APE breakdown: Soares et al. 2008, Environ Int. Optical brighteners/quats: standard detergent chemistry.
Fragrance pathway, added 2026-09-17: diethyl phthalate is a standard fragrance solvent and fixative, and fragranced consumer products are documented to emit semivolatile organic compounds including musks and phthalates - Steinemann A, 'Fragranced consumer products: chemicals emitted, ingredients unlisted', Environ Impact Assess Rev 31:328-333, 2011, and 'Fragranced consumer products: effects on asthmatics', Air Qual Atmos Health, 2017. Ingredients under the word fragrance are exempt from disclosure, which is the book's point. CAVEAT, recorded rather than buried: one Korean market survey (Lee et al., Int J Environ Res Public Health, 2019) detected phthalates in 16 of 85 consumer products and found them rarely in fabric softeners and not at all in the laundry detergents sampled, with DEP under 10 percent of samples. So the fragrance route varies by market and formulation and should not be stated as universal. See tex-8, which carries the better-documented route: the wash fails to remove the phthalate already in the cloth.
Gong M, Weschler CJ, Zhang Y. 'Impact of Clothing on Dermal Exposure to Phthalates: Observations and Insights from Sampling Both Skin and Clothing.' Environ Sci Technol, 2016. PMID 27007912, doi:10.1021/acs.est.6b00113.
Phthalate esters in clothing: A review, 2024, doi:10.1016/j.eti.2024.103555 (infant cotton clothing total phthalates 2.29 to 51.9 ug/g; synthetic blends and socks highest).
Aldegunde-Louzao N, Perez Lopez P, Lolo Aira M, Herrero Latorre C. 'Seven-year-long screening of phthalate esters in clothing and textile products from a quality control laboratory.' Textile Research Journal, 2023.
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Environmental Health Perspectives 119(10):A428, 2011 (summary). CORRECTION 2026-09-17: the row previously said the residue is heaviest in absorbent natural fibers and offgasses for days. Neither is supported. The study's split is polyester, cotton and wool on one side and silk on the other, which crosses the natural/synthetic line; and it reports only slow volatilization under ambient room air, with no duration given. The accumulation across repeated cleanings is supported and was not previously recorded.
Plastics Industry Association: Resin Identification Codes — PP (5) used for microwave-safe containers, yogurt cups, kitchenware.
FDA: Food Contact Substances (PP authorized as repeat-use food-contact polymer).
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Le HH et al., 'Bisphenol A is released from polycarbonate drinking bottles and mimics the neurotoxic actions of estrogen in developing cerebellar neurons,' Toxicol Lett 176(2):149-156, 2008.
Sax L, 'Polyethylene terephthalate may yield endocrine disruptors,' Environ Health Perspect 118(4):445-448, 2010.
Le HH, Carlson EM, Chua JP, Belcher SM, 'Bisphenol A is released from polycarbonate drinking bottles and mimics the neurotoxic actions of estrogen in developing cerebellar neurons,' Toxicology Letters 176(2):149-156, 2008.
Carwile JL, Luu HT, Bassett LS, et al., 'Polycarbonate Bottle Use and Urinary Bisphenol A Concentrations,' Environmental Health Perspectives 117(9):1368-1372, 2009.
US FDA, 'Bisphenol A (BPA): Use in Food Contact Application,' regulatory history.
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US FDA, 'Bisphenol A (BPA): Use in Food Contact Application.'
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Le HH, Carlson EM, Chua JP, Belcher SM. 'Bisphenol A is released from polycarbonate drinking bottles and mimics the neurotoxic actions of estrogen in developing cerebellar neurons.' Toxicol Lett 176(2):149-156 (2008).
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US EPA, 'PFAS Explained.'
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Hayes TB, et al. PNAS 107(10):4612-4617 (2010) — atrazine feminized-frog study.
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US Environmental Protection Agency. 'Atrazine — Background and Updates.'
US Geological Survey, National Water-Quality Assessment (NAWQA) Program.
Soil-to-air volatilization of semivolatile organochlorine pesticides (temperature-dependent); e.g., reviews on DDT/DDE soil-air exchange and pesticide re-emission.
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USDA Pesticide Data Program annual summaries; Yang et al., J Agric Food Chem 65:9744-9752, 2017 (washing reduces apple surface/penetrated residues).
Melin et al., Reprod Toxicol 2014/2016 (quat mixture impairs reproduction in mice); EPA antimicrobial registration of ADBAC/DDAC.
Schaider LA et al. (2017). Fluorinated Compounds in U.S. Fast Food Packaging. Environmental Science & Technology Letters, 4(3), 105-111.
U.S. FDA. Per and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) in Food Contact Applications.
US FDA, PFAS in food packaging (grease-proofing agents phase-out, 2024); migration of PFAS from paper packaging into food.
U.S. FDA. Bisphenol A (BPA): Use in Food Contact Application.
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Rochester JR, Bolden AL. 'Bisphenol S and F: a systematic review and comparison of the hormonal activity of BPA substitutes.' Environ Health Perspect 123(7):643-650 (2015).
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US EPA, mercury releases from broken fluorescent lamps; ATSDR ToxProfile mercury (elemental Hg volatile at room temp).
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UNEP Stockholm Convention, Toolkit for Identification and Quantification of Releases of Dioxins, Furans; open waste burning a dominant uncontrolled source.
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US FDA. Phthalates in Food Packaging and Food Contact Applications.
NIEHS. Phthalates.
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Finkelman RB et al., 'Health impacts of coal and coal use', International Journal of Coal Geology 50:425-443, 2002
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US EPA / WHO open-burning emissions; PVC combustion to HCl; PAHs from incomplete combustion.
Clinikally. Makeup Wipes: The Hidden Risks You Need to Know — preservatives (formaldehyde-releasers, parabens), fragrance, residue left on skin.
Mato Y et al. Plastic resin pellets as a transport medium for toxic chemicals in the marine environment. Environmental Science & Technology 35(2):318-324, 2001.
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Waber RL, Shiv B, Carmon Z, Ariely D. "Commercial Features of Placebo and Therapeutic Efficacy." JAMA 2008;299(9):1016-1017. doi:10.1001/jama.299.9.1016. Full text read 2026-09-07.
Duke Today, 2008-03; Stanford GSB Insights, 2008-03-01; INSEAD Knowledge.
PRIMARY RE-READ 2026-09-07 from the author's own copy of the published letter, people.duke.edu/~dandan/webfiles/PapersPI/Commercial Features.pdf (JAMA March 5 2008, vol 299 no 9, p1016-1017), pages read directly rather than through an extraction tool. NOTE: a WebFetch summary of this same PDF returned '92 women' and stated the direction backwards ('discounted price reported greater pain reduction (61%) compared with regular price (85%)'). BOTH WRONG. The extraction was not trusted and the page images were read instead. Do not re-source this row from a text-extraction summary.
Espay AJ et al. "Placebo effect of medication cost in Parkinson disease: a randomized double-blind study." Neurology 2015;84(8):794-802. doi:10.1212/WNL.0000000000001282. PMID 25632091. Abstract read 2026-09-07 via Europe PMC.
American Academy of Neurology press release no. 1338 (carries 28% vs 13%, and 7 points vs 3 points).
Plassmann H, O'Doherty J, Shiv B, Rangel A. "Marketing actions can modulate neural representations of experienced pleasantness." PNAS 2008;105(3):1050-1054. doi:10.1073/pnas.0706929105. PMID 18195362. Abstract read 2026-09-07 via Europe PMC.
Stanford GSB Insights; ScienceDaily 2008-01-26 (design and prices).
Goldstein R, Almenberg J, Dreber A, Emerson JW, Herschkowitsch A, Katz J. "Do More Expensive Wines Taste Better? Evidence from a Large Sample of Blind Tastings." Journal of Wine Economics 2008;3(1):1-9. Full text read 2026-09-07.
Hayes TB, et al. PNAS 99(8):5476-5480 (2002).
Hayes TB, et al. PNAS 107(10):4612-4617 (2010).
Owner instruction 2026-09-07. Method statement, not an empirical claim.
Owner's working estimate 2026-09-07, explicitly NOT a measured average. Arithmetic on stated rates. No primary source for a national restaurant fountain-soda price exists in the file; searched 2026-09-07 and found only commercial aggregators.
Arithmetic on stated restaurant prices; 750 mL = 25.3605 US fl oz. Owner instruction 2026-09-07 for the $500/gallon figure and the comparison's purpose.
Secondary aggregation of a Which? comparison and Consumer Reports coverage of printer ink costs. PRIMARY NOT OPENED - LOCATOR UNVERIFIED.
US Department of Energy / EPA, fueleconomy.gov, 'Select the right octane fuel for your vehicle', opened 2026-09-07.
US Energy Information Administration, 'Gasoline explained - octane in depth', opened 2026-09-07.
US Energy Information Administration, 'Engine design trends lead to increased demand for higher-octane gasoline', Today in Energy no. 25692. Read 2026-09-07 via search extraction.
CSP Daily News, 'Why Premium-Fuel Sales Are Up'.
Federal Trade Commission, 'The Low-Down on High Octane', Facts for Consumers. Full text read 2026-09-07 from the US Government Publishing Office archive, GOVPUB-FT-PURL-LPS39101 (govinfo.gov).
US DOE/EPA fueleconomy.gov octane page, opened 2026-09-07.
Owner instruction 2026-09-07. Depends on rows 4-10-10, 4-10-13, 4-10-14, 4-10-16 (gasoline, all VERIFIED); 21-6-1, 21-6-2, 21-6-3, 21-6-13, 23-3-2, 23-3-28, 23-7-1 (organic, all VERIFIED); 4-10-18, 4-10-36, 4-10-37 (towel).
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U.S. National Organic Program, 7 CFR Part 205 (handling; labeling; 95% organic requirement).
USDA. Organic 101: What the USDA Organic Label Means.
Code of Federal Regulations, 7 CFR 205.272 (commingling and contact with prohibited substance prevention) and 7 CFR 205.270 (organic handling requirements).
USDA NOP guidance on packaging/contact materials (AMS rules & regulations).
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EFSA Panel on Food Contact Materials, Enzymes and Processing Aids (CEP Panel). 'Update of the risk assessment of di-butylphthalate (DBP), butyl-benzyl-phthalate (BBP), bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP), di-isononylphthalate (DINP) and di-isodecylphthalate (DIDP) for use in food contact materials.' EFSA Journal 2019;17(12):5838. doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2019.5838. PMC7008866. Full text read 2026-09-07 via Europe PMC.
Owner instruction 2026-09-07. Arithmetic on the cited rows; no new external claim.
Hahladakis JN et al. An overview of chemical additives present in plastics: Migration, release, fate and environmental impact during their use, disposal and recycling. Journal of Hazardous Materials 344:179-199, 2018.
Schettler T. Human exposure to phthalates via consumer products. International Journal of Andrology 29(1):134-139, 2006.
Hormann AM, et al. 'Holding thermal receipt paper and eating food after using hand sanitizer results in high serum bioactive and urine total levels of bisphenol A (BPA).' PLoS One 9(10):e110509 (2014).
Biedermann S, Tschudin P, Grob K. 'Transfer of bisphenol A from thermal printer paper to the skin.' Anal Bioanal Chem 398(1):571-576 (2010).
Owner instruction 2026-09-07. Callback to existing verified content; no new claim.