References

References: Chapter 20 · Every Continent, Every Century

  1. Conophagos CE. Le Laurium antique et la technique grecque de la production de l'argent. Ekdotike Hellados, 1980.
  2. Hong S, Candelone JP, Patterson CC, Boutron CF. Greenland ice evidence of hemispheric lead pollution two millennia ago by Greek and Roman civilizations. Science. 1994;265(5180):1841-1843.
  3. Healy JF. Mining and Metallurgy in the Greek and Roman World. Thames & Hudson, 1978.
  4. Hong S, Candelone J-P, Patterson CC, Boutron CF. 'Greenland Ice Evidence of Hemispheric Lead Pollution Two Millennia Ago by Greek and Roman Civilizations.' Science 265(5180):1841-1843, 1994.
  5. Xenophon, Oeconomicus 10 (white-lead cosmetic). Standard classical cosmetics history (psimythion / cerussa).
  6. UNESCO World Heritage Centre. 'Heritage of Mercury. Almaden and Idrija.' Inscribed 2012.
  7. Hernberg S. 'Lead Poisoning in a Historical Perspective.' American Journal of Industrial Medicine 38(3):244-254, 2000.
  8. Dušanić S, 'Aspects of Roman mining in Noricum, Pannonia, Dalmatia and Moesia Superior,' ANRW II.6, 1977, pp. 52-94.
  9. Hirt AM, Imperial Mines and Quarries in the Roman World, Oxford University Press, 2010.
  10. Longman J, Ersek V, Hawthorne D, et al. 'Exceptionally High Levels of Lead Pollution in the Balkans from the Early Bronze Age to the Industrial Revolution.' PNAS 115(25):E5661-E5668, 2018.
  11. Longman J, et al. (open-access PMC version of the PNAS paper).
  12. Atasoy & Raby, Iznik: The Pottery of Ottoman Turkey (1989); Paynter et al., Archaeometry 46 (2004).
  13. Characterization of lead-glazed potteries from Smyrna, Ceramics International (2013).
  14. Longman et al., PNAS 2018 (single Serbian peat bog).
  15. 4,000-year-old teeth reveal earliest betel use, CNN 2025.
  16. Systemic adverse effects of areca nut (PMC).
  17. Antiovulatory/abortifacient effects of Areca catechu (PMC).
  18. Araya O et al., Bovine fluorosis following volcanic activity in the southern Andes, Vet Record 126 (1990).
  19. Ruggieri et al., Environmental geochemistry of Southern Andes volcanic ashes, Environ Chem (CSIRO).
  20. Gettens RJ, Feller RL, Chase WT. Vermilion and cinnabar. Studies in Conservation. 1972;17(2):45-69.
  21. Cinnabar (mineralogy and historical use as vermilion pigment and mercury ore).
  22. Shin DH, Bianucci R, Fujita H, Hong JH. "Mummification in Korea and China: Mawangdui, Song, Ming and Joseon Dynasty Mummies." BioMed Research International, vol. 2018, Article ID 6215025.
  23. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 'Mawangdui' (Western Han tombs, Changsha; tomb 1 = Lady Dai / Xin Zhui, d. c. 168 BCE).
  24. Hair Mercury and Fish Consumption, O'ahu, PMC3901168.
  25. Pacific tuna mercury biomagnification, PNAS.
  26. Marta Pérez-Rodríguez et al., "The Role of Climate: 71 ka of Atmospheric Mercury Deposition in the Southern Hemisphere Recorded by Rano Aroi Mire, Easter Island (Chile)," Geosciences 8, no. 10 (2018): 374.
  27. Larissa Schneider et al., "Using Tree Rings to Track Atmospheric Mercury Pollution in Australia: The Legacy of Mining in Tasmania," Environmental Science & Technology 53, no. 10 (2019): 5697-5706.
  28. AGFA (coal-tar/aniline dye, Berlin, to 1925 IG Farben merger).
  29. Antler-lead 119-yr study, peak 1956-1984 confirms pre-WWII lead low and coal-driven.
  30. Gaudilliere, Butenandt & Schering 1930-1946, Stud Hist Phil Biol Biomed Sci.
  31. Progynon/Schering.
  32. E.C. Dodds (DES, British, 1938).
  33. Olson K, 'Cosmetics in Roman antiquity,' Classical World 102(3): 291-310, 2009.
  34. Martial, Epigrams (e.g., 2.41, 9.37 on women's daily cosmetics), Perseus.
  35. Delile H, Blichert-Toft J, Goiran JP, Keay S, Albarède F, 'Lead in ancient Rome's city waters,' PNAS 111(18): 6594-6599, 2014.
  36. Frontinus, De Aquaeductu (lead pipes the standard fitting c. 97 CE).
  37. Scott SR, Shafer MM, Smith KE, et al. 'Elevated lead exposure in Roman occupants of Londinium: New evidence from the archaeological record.' Archaeometry 62(1):109-129, 2020. doi:10.1111/arcm.12513. [PRIMARY; femora, Londinium vs Danebury]
  38. NOT INDEPENDENT: Simpson RML, Garvie-Lok SJ, J Roman Archaeol 38(2):610-644, 2025, tabulates Scott et al. rather than replicating it, so double_sourced was downgraded to N on 2026-08-02.