Jobling S, Nolan M, Tyler CR, Brighty G, Sumpter JP. 'Widespread Sexual Disruption in Wild Fish.' Environmental Science & Technology 32(17):2498-2506, 1998 (Brunel University affiliation).
Jobling S, Williams R, Johnson A, et al. Environmental Health Perspectives 114(Suppl 1):32-39, 2006 (Brunel University, Dept. of Biological Sciences).
Froese R, Pauly D (eds.). 'Rutilus rutilus, Roach.' FishBase species page.
Jobling S, et al. 'Widespread Sexual Disruption in Wild Fish.' Environmental Science & Technology 32(17):2498-2506, 1998.
Froese R, Pauly D (eds.). 'Rutilus rutilus, Roach.' FishBase.
UK Environment Agency, coarse-fish / freshwater fisheries guidance (roach as a principal coarse-fish species).
Nolan M, Jobling S, Brighty G, Sumpter JP, Tyler CR. 'A histological description of intersexuality in the roach.' Journal of Fish Biology 58(1):160-176, 2001.
Nolan M, et al. 'A histological description of intersexuality in the roach.' Journal of Fish Biology 58(1):160-176, 2001.
Jobling S, Williams R, Johnson A, et al. 'Predicted Exposures to Steroid Estrogens in U.K. Rivers Correlate with Widespread Sexual Disruption in Wild Fish Populations.' Environmental Health Perspectives 114(Suppl 1):32-39, 2006.
Gross-Sorokin MY, Roast SD, Brighty GC. 'Assessment of Feminization of Male Fish in English Rivers by the Environment Agency...' Environmental Health Perspectives 114(Suppl 1):147-151, 2006.
Jobling S, et al. 'Predicted Exposures to Steroid Estrogens in U.K. Rivers...' Environmental Health Perspectives 114(Suppl 1):32-39, 2006.
Baynes A, Lange A, Beresford N, et al. 'Endocrine Disruption Is Reduced but Still Widespread in Wild Roach (Rutilus rutilus) Living in English Rivers.' Environmental Science & Technology, 2023 (PMID 37595157).
Brunel University London / Phys.org. 'New study shows hormone distortion still widespread in fish,' August 2023.
Blazer VS et al., 'Intersex (testicular oocytes) in smallmouth bass from the Potomac River and selected nearby drainages', Journal of Aquatic Animal Health 19(4):242-253, 2007
U.S. Geological Survey, 'Intersex Fish Found in Three River Basins'
Jobling S, Nolan M, Tyler CR, Brighty G, Sumpter JP. Widespread sexual disruption in wild fish. Environ Sci Technol. 1998;32(17):2498-2506.
Jobling S, et al. Predicted exposures to steroid estrogens in UK rivers correlate with widespread sexual disruption in wild fish populations. Environ Health Perspect. 2006;114(Suppl 1):32-39.
Desbrow C, Routledge EJ, Brighty GC, Sumpter JP, Waldock M. 'Identification of Estrogenic Chemicals in STW Effluent.' Environmental Science & Technology 32(11):1549-1558, 1998.
Ying GG, Kookana RS, Ru YJ. 'Occurrence and fate of hormone steroids in the environment.' Environment International 28(6):545-551, 2002.
Johnson AC, Williams RJ. 'A model to estimate influent and effluent concentrations of estradiol, estrone, and ethinylestradiol at sewage treatment works.' Environmental Science & Technology 38(13):3649-3658, 2004.
Thorpe KL, et al. 'Relative potencies and combination effects of steroidal estrogens in fish.' Environmental Science & Technology 37(6):1142-1149, 2003.
Caldwell DJ, Mastrocco F, Hutchinson TH, et al. 'Derivation of an Aquatic Predicted No-Effect Concentration for the Synthetic Hormone, 17alpha-Ethinyl Estradiol.' Environmental Science & Technology 42(19):7046-7054, 2008.
Johnson AC, Williams RJ. Environmental Science & Technology 38(13):3649-3658, 2004.
Ying GG, et al. Environment International 28(6):545-551, 2002.
PubChem, 'Estrone,' CID 5870, US National Library of Medicine.
Gruber CJ, et al. 'Production and Actions of Estrogens.' New England Journal of Medicine 346(5):340-352, 2002.
PubChem, 'Ethinylestradiol,' CID 5991, US National Library of Medicine.
United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. 'Contraceptive Use by Method 2019.' (oral-pill users ~150 million worldwide).
Snyder SA, Westerhoff P, Yoon Y, Sedlak DL. Pharmaceuticals, personal care products, and endocrine disruptors in water: implications for the water industry. Environmental Engineering Science 20(5):449-469 (2003).
U.S. EPA. Drinking Water Treatability Database.
Dimitri C, Oberholtzer L (2009). Marketing US Organic Foods: Recent Trends From Farms to Consumers. USDA ERS EIB-58.
Hughner RS et al. (2007). Who are organic food consumers? A review of why people purchase organic food. Journal of Consumer Behaviour 6(2-3):94-110.
Kuiper GG et al., 'Comparison of the ligand binding specificity and transcript tissue distribution of estrogen receptors alpha and beta,' Endocrinology 138(3):863-870, 1997.
Hall JM, Couse JF, Korach KS, 'The multifaceted mechanisms of estradiol and estrogen receptor signaling,' J Biol Chem 276(40):36869-36872, 2001.
Norman AW & Henry HL, Hormones, 3rd ed., Academic Press, 2015.
Appleman TD et al. (2014). Treatment of poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances in U.S. full-scale water treatment systems. Water Research, 51, 246-255.
U.S. EPA. Reducing PFAS in Drinking Water with Treatment Technologies.
Lange A, Paull GC, Coe TS, Katsu Y, Urushitani H, Iguchi T, Tyler CR. 'Sexual Reprogramming and Estrogenic Sensitization in Wild Fish Exposed to Ethinylestradiol.' Environmental Science & Technology 43(4):1219-1225, 2009.
Tyler CR, Jobling S. 'Roach, Sex, and Gender-Bending Chemicals: The Feminization of Wild Fish in English Rivers.' BioScience 58(11):1051-1059, 2008.
Kidd KA, Blanchfield PJ, Mills KH, Palace VP, Evans RE, Lazorchak JM, Flick RW. 'Collapse of a fish population after exposure to a synthetic estrogen.' PNAS 104(21):8897-8901, 2007.
IISD Experimental Lakes Area. Research summary on the Lake 260 estrogen experiment.
Kidd KA, Blanchfield PJ, Mills KH, et al. "Collapse of a fish population after exposure to a synthetic estrogen." PNAS 104(21):8897-8901, 2007.
Blanchfield PJ, Kidd KA, Docker MF, et al. "Recovery of a Wild Fish Population from Whole-Lake Additions of a Synthetic Estrogen." Environmental Science & Technology 49(5):3136-3144, 2015.
World Health Organization, 'Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality,' 4th ed., 2017 - taste, odour and appearance acceptability.
Devos M, Patte F, Rouault J, Laffort P, Van Gemert LJ, 'Standardized Human Olfactory Thresholds,' IRL Press, 1990.
Parrott JL, Blunt BR. Life-cycle exposure of fathead minnows to an ethinylestradiol concentration below 1 ng/L reduces egg fertilization success and demasculinizes males. Environ Toxicol 20(2):131-141 (2005).
USGS Water Science School. Water Q&A: How much water do I use at home each day? (per-capita ~80-100 gal/day basis for the reservoir analogy).
USGS Water Science School. 'Water Q&A: How much water do I use at home each day?'
Kidd KA, et al. 'Collapse of a fish population after exposure to a synthetic estrogen.' PNAS 104(21):8897-8901, 2007.
Aris AZ, Shamsuddin AS, Praveena SM. 'Occurrence of 17alpha-ethinylestradiol (EE2) in the environment and effect on exposed biota: a review.' Environment International 69:104-119, 2014.
Syme MR, Paxton JW, Keelan JA, 'Drug transfer and metabolism by the human placenta,' Clinical Pharmacokinetics 43(8): 487–514, 2004.
Hines RN, 'The ontogeny of drug metabolism enzymes...,' Pharmacology & Therapeutics 118(2): 250–267, 2008.
Palace VP, Evans RE, Wautier KG, et al. 'Interspecies differences in biochemical, histopathological, and population responses in four wild fish species exposed to ethinylestradiol added to a whole lake.' Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 66:1920-1935, 2009.
Sumpter JP & Jobling S. "Vitellogenesis as a biomarker for estrogenic contamination of the aquatic environment." Environmental Health Perspectives 103(Suppl 7):173-178, 1995.
Hansen PD, Dizer H, Hock B, et al. "Vitellogenin — a biomarker for endocrine disruptors." TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry 17(7):448-451, 1998.
Bubenik AB, Pavlansky R. Trophic responses to trauma in growing antlers. Journal of Experimental Zoology 159(3):289-302, 1965.
Levin M. Trophic memory in deer antlers: a truly unique scientific object. thoughtforms.life.
Compeau GC & Bartha R. "Sulfate-reducing bacteria: principal methylators of mercury in anoxic estuarine sediment." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 50(2):498-502, 1985.
U.S. EPA. "Health Effects of Exposures to Mercury."
World Health Organization. "Mercury and health" fact sheet.
Clarkson TW & Magos L. "The toxicology of mercury and its chemical compounds." Critical Reviews in Toxicology 36(8):609-662, 2006.
Frederick P., Jayasena N. (2011). 'Altered pairing behaviour and reproductive success in white ibises exposed to environmentally relevant concentrations of methylmercury.' Proceedings of the Royal Society B 278(1713):1851-1857.
University of Florida/IFAS News (Dec 2010). 'UF study: White ibis mating habits altered by mercury consumption.'
Aschner M, Aschner JL. 'Mercury Neurotoxicity: Mechanisms of Blood-Brain Barrier Transport.' Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews 14(2):169-176, 1990.
Frederick P, Jayasena N, 'Altered pairing behaviour and reproductive success in white ibises exposed to environmentally relevant concentrations of methylmercury,' Proceedings of the Royal Society B 278(1713):1851-1857, 2011.
Cornell Lab of Ornithology. "White Ibis." All About Birds.
Heath JA, Frederick PC, Kushlan JA, Bildstein KL. "White Ibis (Eudocimus albus)." Birds of the World, Cornell Lab of Ornithology, 2009.
Frederick P & Jayasena N. "Altered pairing behaviour and reproductive success in white ibises." Proc R Soc B 278(1713):1851-1857, 2011.
Frederick P & Jayasena N. "Altered pairing behaviour and reproductive success in white ibises exposed to environmentally relevant concentrations of methylmercury." Proc R Soc B 278(1713):1851-1857, 2011. PMC3097836.
Frederick P & Jayasena N, Proc R Soc B 278(1713):1851-1857, 2011. DOI 10.1098/rspb.2010.2189 (publisher record).
South Florida Water Management District. South Florida Environmental Report (mercury in biota), Axelrad DM et al.
Frederick P & Jayasena N, Proc R Soc B 278(1713):1851-1857, 2011. DOI 10.1098/rspb.2010.2189.
Gruber CJ, Tschugguel W, Schneeberger C, Huber JC. "Production and Actions of Estrogens." N Engl J Med 346(5):340-352, 2002.
Tan SW, Meiller JC, Mahaffey KR. "The endocrine effects of mercury in humans and wildlife." Crit Rev Toxicol 39(3):228-269, 2009.
Frederick P, Jayasena N. "Altered pairing behaviour and reproductive success in white ibises exposed to environmentally relevant concentrations of methylmercury." Proc R Soc B 278(1713):1851-1857, 2011.
University of Florida News. "UF study: White ibis mating habits altered by mercury consumption," 2010.
Li C. Deer antler renewal gives insights into mammalian epimorphic regeneration. Cell Regeneration 12:26, 2023.
Guinness World Records: Fastest-growing mammalian tissue (deer antler).
U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service. Eight points about antlers (2023).
Antler regeneration / cervid bone growth. NCBI PMC12747533.
Guillette LJ Jr, Gross TS, Masson GR, Matter JM, Percival HF, Woodward AR. "Developmental abnormalities of the gonad and abnormal sex hormone concentrations in juvenile alligators from contaminated and control lakes in Florida." Environmental Health Perspectives 102(8):680-688, 1994.
Semenza JC, Tolbert PE, Rubin CH, Guillette LJ Jr, Jackson RJ. "Reproductive toxins and alligator abnormalities at Lake Apopka, Florida." Environmental Health Perspectives 105(10):1030-1032, 1997.
Lange A, et al. 'Sexual Reprogramming and Estrogenic Sensitization in Wild Fish Exposed to Ethinylestradiol.' Environmental Science & Technology 43(4):1219-1225, 2009.
Nash JP, Kime DE, Van der Ven LTM, et al. 'Long-Term Exposure to Environmental Concentrations of the Pharmaceutical Ethinylestradiol Causes Reproductive Failure in Fish.' Environmental Health Perspectives 112(17):1725-1733, 2004.
Manikkam M, Tracey R, Guerrero-Bosagna C, Skinner MK, Plastics derived endocrine disruptors (BPA, DEHP and DBP) induce epigenetic transgenerational inheritance of obesity, reproductive disease and sperm epimutations, PLoS ONE 8(1):e55387, 2013
Skinner MK, Endocrine disruptor induction of epigenetic transgenerational inheritance of disease, Mol Cell Endocrinol 398(1-2):4-12, 2014
Heudorf U, Mersch-Sundermann V, Angerer J. Phthalates: toxicology and exposure. Int J Hyg Environ Health. 2007;210(5):623-634.
U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Phthalates Factsheet. National Biomonitoring Program.
Wypych G. Handbook of Plasticizers. 3rd ed. ChemTec Publishing; 2017.
U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Devices and Radiological Health. Safety Assessment of Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) Released from PVC Medical Devices. 2002.
Tickner JA, Schettler T, Guidotti T, McCally M, Rossi M. Health risks posed by use of di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) in PVC medical devices. Am J Ind Med. 2001;39(1):100-111.
Sun J, Wu X, Gan J. Uptake and Translocation of Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) by Chinese Cabbage. Science of the Total Environment 506-507:43-50 (2015).
Schettler T. Human exposure to phthalates via consumer products. International Journal of Andrology 29(1):134-139 (2006).
Carlstedt F, Jönsson BAG, Bornehag CG. PVC flooring is related to human uptake of phthalates in infants. Indoor Air 23(1):32-39 (2013).
Bornehag CG, Sundell J, Weschler CJ, et al. The Association between Asthma and Allergic Symptoms in Children and Phthalates in House Dust. Environmental Health Perspectives 112(14):1393-1397 (2004).
U.S. FDA, CDRH. Safety Assessment of Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) Released from PVC Medical Devices (2002).
Tickner JA, Schettler T, Guidotti T, McCally M, Rossi M. Health risks posed by use of Di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) in PVC medical devices: a critical review. American Journal of Industrial Medicine 39(1):100-111 (2001).
FDA: Bisphenol A (BPA) Use in Food Contact Application.
USDA National Organic Standards Board materials (BPA discussions, not a prohibition).
Koniecki D, Wang R, Moody RP, Zhu J, 'Phthalates in cosmetic and personal care products: concentrations and possible dermal exposure,' Environmental Research 111(3):329-336, 2011.
Duty SM, Ackerman RM, Calafat AM, Hauser R, 'Personal care product use predicts urinary concentrations of some phthalate monoesters,' Environmental Health Perspectives 113(11):1530-1535, 2005.
Schettler T. 'Human exposure to phthalates via consumer products.' Int J Androl 29(1):134-139, 2006.
Calafat AM, Kuklenyik Z, Reidy JA, et al. 'Urinary concentrations of bisphenol A and 4-nonylphenol in a human reference population.' Environ Health Perspect 113(4):391-395, 2005.
Guerrero-Bosagna C, Settles M, Lucker B, Skinner MK. "Epigenetic transgenerational actions of vinclozolin on promoter regions of the sperm epigenome." PLOS ONE 5(9):e13100, 2010.
Skinner MK, Ben Maamar M, Sadler-Riggleman I, et al. "Alterations in sperm DNA methylation, non-coding RNA and histone retention associate with DDT-induced epigenetic transgenerational inheritance of disease." Epigenetics & Chromatin 11:8, 2018.
Mylchreest E, Wallace DG, Cattley RC, Foster PMD. (2000). Dose-dependent alterations in androgen-regulated male reproductive development in rats exposed to di(n-butyl) phthalate during late gestation. Toxicological Sciences, 55(1), 143-151.
Mylchreest E, Sar M, Wallace DG, Foster PMD. (2002). Fetal testosterone insufficiency and abnormal proliferation of Leydig cells and gonocytes in rats exposed to di(n-butyl) phthalate. Reproductive Toxicology, 16(1), 19-28.
Kelce WR, Monosson E, Gamcsik MP, Laws SC, Gray LE Jr. Environmental hormone disruptors: evidence that vinclozolin developmental toxicity is mediated by an androgen-receptor mechanism. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 126(2):276-285, 1994. doi:10.1006/taap.1994.1117. PMID 8047944
Wang RJ, Al-Saffar SI, Rogers J, Hahn MW. Human generation times across the past 250,000 years. Science Advances 9(1):eabm7047, 2023.
Sengupta P. The laboratory rat: relating its age with human's. International Journal of Preventive Medicine 4(6):624-630, 2013.
Anway MD, Memon MA, Uzumcu M, Skinner MK. "Transgenerational effect of the endocrine disruptor vinclozolin on male spermatogenesis." Journal of Andrology 27(6):868-879, 2006.
Skinner MK, Manikkam M, Tracey R, Guerrero-Bosagna C, Haque M, Nilsson EE. "Ancestral dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) exposure promotes epigenetic transgenerational inheritance of obesity." BMC Medicine 11:228, 2013.
U.S. EPA. White Paper on the Potential for Atrazine to Affect Amphibian Gonadal Development; FIFRA Scientific Advisory Panel meeting (Oct 2007); Federal Register notice E7-6253.
Solomon KR, Carr JA, Du Preez LH, Giesy JP, Kendall RJ, Smith EE, Van Der Kraak GJ. Effects of atrazine on fish, amphibians, and aquatic reptiles: a critical review. Critical Reviews in Toxicology 38(9):721-772, 2008.
Chovalopoulou ME et al., 'Evidence of lead poisoning and the co-occurrence of metabolic disease in Archaic/Early Classical (6th-5th century BCE) Laurion, Greece', HOMO - Journal of Comparative Human Biology 76(1), 2025
McConnell JR et al., 'Pan-European atmospheric lead pollution, enhanced blood lead levels, and cognitive decline from Roman-era mining and smelting', PNAS 122, 2025
NIH Center for Scientific Review, documentation on the composition of Scientific Review Groups (study sections).
Lamont M, 'How Professors Think: Inside the Curious World of Academic Judgment,' Harvard University Press, 2009.
Waters CN, Zalasiewicz J, Summerhayes C, et al. 'The Anthropocene is functionally and stratigraphically distinct from the Holocene.' Science 351(6269):aad2622 (2016).
Zalasiewicz J, Waters CN, Williams M, et al. 'When did the Anthropocene begin? A mid-twentieth century boundary level is stratigraphically optimal.' Quaternary International 383:196-203 (2015).